First try only displaying one object at a time to make sure everything is appearing and once you confirm that works we can move on.

Ok so after extensive debugging (this was helpfull: http://www.learn-cocos2d.com/2012/09/reasons-node-show/#TheManyReasonsWhyANodeWontShow-DebuggingTip)
I found that the obstacles ARE being loaded/displayed correctly but I have positioned them off screen. So my intention is to do this:

1. Load a sprite on the right side of the screen
2. Run a MoveTo action on the sprite

The MoveTo action is what is not working/running on the phone.

Here is my code for the obstacleLayer (Look at the LoadAnObstacle function):

/* 
 * This file is to setup the obstacles in the race (PlayScene)
 */

var ObstacleLayer = cc.Layer.extend({
    // Declare variables
    space: null,
    topWallHeight: 0,
    bottomWallHeight: 0,
    obstaclesSpritesheet: null,
    screenSize: 0,
    screenOrigin: 0,
    obstacles: [],

    ctor: function (space, topWallHeight, bottomWallHeight) {
        this._super();
        this.topWallHeight = topWallHeight;
        this.bottomWallHeight = bottomWallHeight;
        this.space = space;
        this.init(); // init needs to be called right after assignment of space
    },

    init: function () {
        this._super();

        // Initialize
        this.screenSize = cc.director.getVisibleSize();
        this.screenOrigin = cc.director.getVisibleOrigin();

        // Initialize obstaclesSpritesheet
        cc.spriteFrameCache.addSpriteFrames(res.obstacles_plist);
        this.obstaclesSpritesheet = new cc.SpriteBatchNode(res.obstacles_png);
        this.addChild(this.obstaclesSpritesheet);

        // Start timer for when the next obstacle should load
        this.nextObstacleTimer();

        // Start scheduleUpdate
        this.scheduleUpdate();
    },

    // Timer for when the next obstacle should load
    nextObstacleTimer: function () {
        this.unschedule(this.loadAnObstacle);
        this.schedule(this.loadAnObstacle, Math.floor((Math.random() * 2) + 0.5)); // Generate a random number between 0.5-2.5 (seconds)
    },

    // Load a random obstacle at a random height on the road
    loadAnObstacle: function () {
        // Re-call timer so countdown starts for next obstacle to load
        this.nextObstacleTimer();

        var sprite = new cc.PhysicsSprite.create("#obstacle1.png");
        // Get obstacle size
        var obstacleSize = sprite.getContentSize();

        // Select a random height on the road
        var totalWallHeight = this.topWallHeight - this.bottomWallHeight - obstacleSize.height;
        var obstacleHeight = (Math.random() * totalWallHeight) + this.bottomWallHeight + (obstacleSize.height / 2);

        // Initialize the physics
        var obstacleBody = new cp.Body(1, cp.momentForBox(1, obstacleSize.width, obstacleSize.height));
        obstacleBody.p = cc.p(this.screenOrigin.x + this.screenSize.width, obstacleHeight);
        sprite.setBody(obstacleBody);

        var shape = new cp.BoxShape(obstacleBody, obstacleSize.width, obstacleSize.height);
        shape.setElasticity(elasticity); // These are set in globals.js
        shape.setFriction(friction);
        shape.setCollisionType(2);
        shape.setSensor(true);
        this.space.addShape(shape);

        // Start moving the obstacle
        var obstacleAction = cc.MoveTo.create(1, cc.p(this.screenOrigin.x, obstacleHeight)); //MoveTo(time/seconds, position)
        sprite.runAction(obstacleAction);

        // Add this obstacle sprite to spritesheet
        this.obstaclesSpritesheet.addChild(sprite);
    },

    // Update each frame
    update: function (dt) {
        //Function to check if obstacle reached the end of the screen
    }
});

So the obstacleAction is not working as it’s supposed to on my android device. Am I setting it up wrong? Should it be in the scheduler update?

This is what is happening:

But it’s working on other devices?

No, it's not working on other devices.  I tried it on 3 different phones and the ios simulator.

It's the same logic that moves the road background (striped lines are moving left) but that is just an image sprite, not a physics sprite. Does that make a difference? 

Is the road working?

yes, the road (only an image, no physics) is working when MoveTo action is run on it.

So the object with physics isn’t working.

Correct.

MoveTo seems to have no effect on the physics sprite. Maybe I’m doing something wrong? Can you replicate the issue?

Try disabling/commenting out the physics just to see if the sprite is set up properly.

Ya that’s it!

I don’t think I can use MoveTo on a physics sprite. I should apply force to it by either using velocity or impulse or force? I’ll watch these tutorials: http://www.sonarlearning.co.uk/coursepage.php?topic=game&course=cocos2d-x-v3-cplusplus-physics

But any suggestion of which one I should use just to move the physics sprite horizontally from right to left, no change in the y-axis.

UPDATE:
setVelocity doesn't seem to work in JS and for my game I feel applyImpulse works better than applyForce. When Force is applied, it takes some time for the physics sprite to get up to speed, using impulse moves the sprite instantly.
Also, this only works if the physics sprite body is added to the space, if it's not then force and impulse do not work.

Try applying more impulse

Ya, using impulse got what I needed. This can be marked as solved :)

Thanks for all your help and replies!